Micro-controller is the integration of a micro-processor with memory and I/O devices, and other peripherals such as timers, on a single chip.
The general micro-controller has pins for external connections on inputs and outputs; power, clock and control signals. The pins for the inputs and outputs are grouped into I/O ports. Usually such ports have eight lines in order to be able to transfer an 8-bit word of data. Motorola 68HC11, Intel 8051 and PIC16Fxxx and PIC18Fxxx are examples of 8-bit micro-controllers.
Microcontroller Hardware:
Advantages of Micro-Controllers:
Fewer chips are required since most functions are already present on the processor chip.
Lower cost and smaller size result from a simpler design.
Lower power requirements.
Few external connections are required because most are made on-chip, and the most of the chip connections can be used for I/O
Overall reliability are higher since there are fewer components an interconnections.
Micro-Processors vs. Micro-Controllers:
- Microprocessors are most flexible, microcontrollers are most compact.
- Microprocessor based systems usually have a von Neuman architecture with a single memory for both programs and data to allow maximum flexibility in allocation of memory.
- Microcontroller chips frequency embody the Harvard architecture which has separate memories for programs and data. It has the potential advantage of the separate interface allowing twice the memory transfer rate by instruction fetches to occur in parallel with data transfer.
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